A Homeowner’s Guide to Understanding Smoke, Microscopic Particles, and Health Risk
Prepared by Volunteer PPE Environmental, LLC
Proof You Can Trust – Science Based for Your Health
📞 865‑369‑3575
Why This Matters (Plain Talk)
When a fire occurs—whether a major structure fire or a small electrical or kitchen incident—the visible smoke is only part of the story. Long after the smell fades and surfaces look clean, microscopic airborne particles can remain suspended in the air or settle invisibly throughout the home. These particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs and, in some cases, absorbed into the bloodstream.
This guide explains what these particles are, why size matters, and what risks homeowners should realistically understand—without fear‑mongering, and without minimizing real concerns.
What Are Airborne Particulates?
Airborne particulates are tiny solid or liquid particles floating in the air. In fire and post‑fire environments, these particles may include:
- Carbon soot and ash
- Burned building materials (drywall, insulation, wiring coatings)
- Combustion by‑products from plastics, foams, furniture, and electronics
- Adsorbed chemicals such as heavy metals and toxic organic compounds
Unlike dust you can see, many of these particles are microscopic and odorless.
Why Particle Size Is Critical
The smaller the particle, the deeper it can travel into the body.
Common Particulate Size Categories
| Particle Type | Approximate Size | What It Means for Your Body |
|---|---|---|
| Human hair | ~70 microns | Visible; easily filtered |
| Dust / pollen | 10–50 microns | Irritation to eyes & throat |
| PM10 | ≤10 microns | Can enter upper airways |
| PM2.5 | ≤2.5 microns | Reaches deep lung tissue |
| Ultrafine particles (PM0.1) | ≤0.1 micron | Can cross lung barriers into bloodstream |
🔍 Key Point: Most fire‑related health concerns involve PM2.5 and smaller particles—completely invisible to the naked eye.
What Makes Fire Particulates More Dangerous Than Everyday Dust
Normal household dust is primarily skin cells, soil, and fibers. Fire‑generated particulates are different:
- Carbon‑based soot acts like a sponge, carrying toxic chemicals on its surface
- High heat changes materials chemically, creating new compounds
- Fire particles are often sharper, smaller, and more biologically active
In post‑fire environments, these particles may embed into:
- HVAC systems and ductwork
- Soft furnishings (carpet, couches, bedding)
- Wall cavities and insulation
- Clothing and personal belongings
Microscopic Exposure & Realistic Health Concerns
This is not about panic—it’s about understanding exposure pathways.
Short‑Term Exposure May Include:
- Eye, nose, and throat irritation
- Headaches or fatigue
- Worsening of asthma or allergies
Long‑Term or Repeated Exposure (Especially in Sensitive Individuals):
- Chronic respiratory irritation
- Increased cardiovascular stress
- Potential contribution to inflammatory and systemic conditions
Children, older adults, pregnant individuals, and those with respiratory or immune conditions are more vulnerable to fine and ultrafine particulate exposure.
⚠️ Important Truth: Not every exposure leads to disease—but unrecognized exposure removes your ability to make informed decisions.
Why “Smell Is Gone” Does Not Mean “Risk Is Gone”
Odor is not a reliable indicator of safety.
- Many harmful particulates have no smell
- Particles can remain even after ozone or masking treatments
- Visual cleanliness does not equal air cleanliness
Only proper inspection and testing can confirm whether post‑fire particulate levels have returned to typical background conditions.
How Professional Testing Helps Homeowners
Professional post‑fire evaluation may include:
- Airborne particulate measurement (PM10, PM2.5)
- Surface dust and soot analysis
- HVAC system inspection
- Guidance for remediation—not guesswork
Testing provides evidence‑based clarity, whether for peace of mind, medical decision‑making, or insurance documentation.
What Homeowners Can Do Right Now
âś” Avoid disturbing soot or ash without protection
âś” Do not rely solely on air fresheners or ozone devices
✔ Use high‑quality HEPA filtration if advised
âś” Seek professional evaluation when smoke intrusion has occurred
How Volunteer PPE Environmental, LLC Can Help
We specialize in science‑based indoor air quality evaluation, including post‑fire environments. Our role is to:
- Identify what remains—not what’s assumed
- Explain results in plain language
- Help homeowners and decision‑makers understand next steps
📞 For help or questions, contact Volunteer PPE Environmental, LLC at 865‑369‑3575
Sources & Supporting Research
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – Particulate Matter (PM) Health Effects
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Air Quality Guidelines
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- California Air Resources Board – Wildfire Smoke & Health
- Peer‑reviewed research on PM2.5 and ultrafine particle exposure